Optical printer with automatic electrical control of operating mechanism



Aug. 1, 1950 R. P. SHEA ETAL OPTICAL PRINTER WITH AUTOMATIC ELECTRICAL CONTROL OF OPERATING MECHANISMS l2 Sheets-Sheet 1 Filed April 17, 1946 3 @UID :I

0 5 we I; 54

L/NWOOD 6 Pu/v/v, CEC/L 0, LOVE,

ATTORNEY Aug. 1, 1950 R. P. SHEA ETAL OPTICAL PRINTER WITH AUTOMATIC ELECTRICAL CONTROL OF OPERATING MECHANISMS l2 Sheets-Sheet 2 Filed April 17, 1946 OM NOW GQN MEN OMG .55 m Y MAL w J. R wi a m m w ME Aug. 1, 1950 R. P. SHEA ETAL OPTICAL PRINTER WITH AUTOMATIC ELECTRICAL CONTROL OF OPERATING MECHANISMS Filed April 17, 1946 12 Sheets$heet 3 m vMNW \ww MOW 96m NOW QQm

7 NOV INVENTORS R H JAROJCH, DUNN, CEC/L .0. LOVE, BY /7'W ATTORNEY ROBE/ETPSHEA, Oscn L/Nwooa G.

1, 1950 R. P. SHEA ET AL 2,517,250

OPTICAL PRINTER WITH AUTOMATIC ELECTRICAL CONTROL OF OPERATING MECHANISMS Filed April 17, 1946 12 Sheets-Sheet 4 INVENTORS. RQSERTPSHEA, Oscpx M s/AROSCH,

L/Nwooa GBYDU/VN, CEC/L 0, 401/5,

ATTORNEY Aug. 1, 1950 R. P. SHEA ET AL OPTICAL PRINTER WITH AUTOMATIC ELECTRICAL CONTROL OF OPERATING MECHANISMS l2 Sheets-Sheet 5 Filed April 17, 1946 w 0 MR n. 1 Z V w N. E n A E M .v mm m m C 4 A w 2 l 0 s3 R0552?- SHEA, E L/A/wooa (:g Du/v/v, CEC/L. 0 LOVE,

P. SHEA ET AL OPTICAL PRINTER WITH AUTOMATIC ELECTRICAL CONTROL OF OPERATING MECHANISMS Aug. 1, 1950 R. P. SHEA ETAL OPTICAL PRINTER WITH AUTOMATIC ELECTRICAL CONTROL OF OPERATING MECHANISMS l2 Sheets-Sheet 7 Filed April 17, 1946 Em mb 0 RE an fin NN g C EC// 0. LOVE,

INVENTORS: SHEA, Oscna H. JARQscH 6 Du/v/v,

Ross/=7- P L/Nwooo ATTORNEY Aug. 1, 1950 Filed April 17, 1946 I I I17 12.

7a 91 54 Y 56 75 7O 66 R. P. SHEA ET AL OPTICAL PRINTER WITH AUTOMATIC ELECTRICAL CONTROL OF OPERATING MECHANISMS 12 Sheets-Sheet 8 I N VEN TORS ROBERT PSHEA, OSCAR H JARQSC'H, Lx/vwooa 6. DUNN, 65cm 0. LOVE,

ATTORNEY Aug. 1, 1950 P. SHEA ETAL 2,517,250

OPTICAL PRINTER WITH AUTOMATIC ELECTRICAL CONTROL OF OPERATING MECHANISMS Filed April 17, 1946 12 Sheets-Sheet 9 INVENTORS L/NWOOD G. DUN/v, cEC/L 0. LOVE,

Rose/27' PSHE'A, 05cm? H JAROSCH,

1950 R. P. SHEA EIAL I 2,517,250

OPTICAL PRINTER WITH AUTOMATIC ELECTRICAL CONTROL OF OPERATING MECHANISMS Filed April 17, 1946 12 Sheets-Sheet l0 6G4 (PROJECTOR) 152 132 (CAMERA) W [NV EN TOR-S I 00 Ros/5R7 A S/45A, OSCAR H L/AROSCH, L/NWOOD G. DUN/V, CE'C/L 0.1.01 5,

F' I. 18. BY

ATroRA/EY Patented Aug. 1, 1950 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE OPTICAL PRINTER WITH AUTOMATIC ELEC- TRICAL CONTROL OF OPERATING MECH- ANISM Application April 17, 1946, Serial No. 662,786

30 Claim The present invention relates to optical printers of the type used in the motion picture studios for creating special effects, such as dissolves, Wipe-offs, reverse action, stop-motion, double exposures, dolly and zoom shots, and innumerable other effects from film originally photographed in the studio by straight-forward camera techniques. Another important use of the optical printer is in the making of prints of one size from film of another size, and in makink prints for 24-frame-per-second projection from film taken at 16 frames per second. Other uses of the optical printer are for the improvement of the photographic quality of the scene with respect to density, composition, action, etc.; the speeding up or slowing down of the action; and the making of color separation negatives from full color prints.

Essentially, the optical printer consists of a projector mechanism through which a print of the original film is run, and a camera mechanism which is synchronized with the projector to photograph the print, frame by frame, together with an objective lens to focus the image of the print on the raw film in the camera. The many special effects are obtained by manipulation of the optical system, dissolving shutter in the camera, film driving mechanism in the projector and camera, and various accessory devices that can be used with the machine. Prior optical printers have been developed which are capable of producing all of the desired effects, but these machines, in general, have been manually operated at relatively slow speed and have lacked the speed, fiexibilit and ease of operation necessary for handling the large volume of Work and the many complex problems that are met in the modern motion picture studio and film laboratory.

It is a primary object of the present invention, therefore, to provide a new and improved op tical printer having exceptional ease and flexibility of operation and capable of producing practically every known special effect that can be accomplished in a printer.

Another object of the invention is to provide an optical printer having means for making dolly or zoom" shots at a speed greater than heretofore attainable, and of such excellent quality as to be indistinguishable from those shot on the studio set. A related object is the provision of means for automatically adjusting the iris diaphragm of the objective lens during the making of such zoom shots so as to compensate for variation in the distance between the lens and camera and maintain a constant ratio of the distance from lens to image to aperture diameter. The significance of this feature will be appreciated when it is remembered that the unit intensity of the light passed by the objective lens Varies inversely as the square of the ratio of the distance from lens to image to the diameter of the aperture. Thus, if the image distance is doubled while the iris aperture remains fixed, the unit intensity of the light will drop off to one-fourth of its initial value, resulting in progressive under-exposure of the scene during the making of the zoom shot.

Another object of the invention is to provide an optical printer having means for automatically making frame combination prints in any predetermined sequency within a l2-frame cycle whereby prints of normal, or 24-irame per second speed can be made from film photographed at a different camera speed, or where it is desired to speed up or slow down the action in a film photographed at normal speed.

Another object of the invention is to provide an optical printer having means for automatically starting or stopping either the camera or projector or both on a particular frame of film withina given range of frames, making it possible to freeze the motion on said given frame and to resume motion when a predetermined number ofexposures have been made of that frame.

Still another feature of the invention is the provision of means for producing an audible signal for each frame or for any interval of frames whereby the operator is enabled to count the number of frames passing through the camera while devoting his attention to the manipulation of any of the several adjustments.

A further object of the invention is to provide an optical printer having an objective lens which is adjustable both vertically and horizontally independent of the camera and projector, with dial indicators for indicating the exact position of the optical axis with respect to the center of the frame. This arrangement permits the breakdown of the lens travel between initial and terminal positions into equal increment for dolly or zoom shots, making it possible to complete the travel smoothly within a predetermined number of frames. Another advantage of this feature is that it enables the duplication of such an effect from noted indicator readings with absolute accuracy, as in the making of color separation negatives.

Another object of the invention is the provision of an optical printer incorporating separate 3 stop-motion clutches in the camera and projector drive mechanism, with means for automatically actuating either or both clutches at any predetermined frame, making it possible to stop the. machine in synchronismton an exact frame for the production of wipe-offsflhold frames, and other eiiects of similar nature, as well as for making fade-outs where the film being copied is too short and it isnecessaryto hold a frame during the uninterrupted course of-the i'o fade-out.

Still another object of the invention is to provide an optical printer having a viewfinderwhich, when inserted into the optical-axisy'diverts the image onto a ground glass having registrationpins' adapted to accommodate a frame of film for lining up purposes. This feature .permits individual frame adjustments, making it possible to eliminate shake from. a film due to camera movement, or to add shake if so desired.

These andother objectsandadvantages of the present invention-will appear more fully herein after-from aconsideration-of the detailed-descriptionwhich' follows, when taken'inconnection' with theaccompanying drawings-illustratingthe=pre= ferred embodiment'of" the invention: it is to be expresslyiunderstoodi howevery that the drawings-are for the purpose'of "illustration 1 and de'-' scription'pnly; andare not intended'or to -becon-- si'dered as defining the limits of' the invention, reference'being had to the appended claims for thispurpose'."

Figure 1 of the drawings'isa Trent elevational view of a machine constructed according to' "the principles oftheinvention;

Figure 2 is an enlarged elevation-atviewprthe interior of the upperportion ofthe'housing, the front of the housing 'beingmut away Figure 3' is 'a'still rmther'enlarged- 'ele'vational' view "ofthe' mechanism for'moving the camera and objective lens simultaneously in opposit'e' directions and'atsuchrates, "respectivelyy-to main tain"sharp 'focus' in the production" of""zoom shots; the mechanism beingshown' inthe-normal positionwith thecamera frame takingin the-full pro'j ector frame Figure 4- is-a view'simila'r to'Ffg. 3*but witnthe camera andlens moved to the position for-a close-up wherein the'camera frame "takes illbllly a por-tion-oft'he projector frame;

Figure 5 is a sectional view taken along the line"5-5"in Fig."4;*-

Figure" 6 is -a sectional *view' taken along "the line'fi 6 in-Ffg; 4;

Figure 'l'is'a sectional viewtaken al'o'n'gthe line 5+! in Fig.4?

Figure-8' i'sa 'sectionalview taken along theline 8 8*in Fig.4:

Figure '9 is a diagrammaticviewshowirigthe positions of the objective 'lens' and the camera relative to one'another'andto"theaperturein'the projector"forthe'normalprinting conditioncorre sp'onding to the view in Fig.=3;

Figure 10' is a similarviewy'but showing-the relative pesitimseftheparts in taking a close-up shot, corresponding to the viewun Fi-gz 4';

Figure 11 is a phantom-view of th'e machine; showing the" power transmission means-for driv ing the several parts";-

Figure 12 is anenlarged vertical section through the; transmission, taken along: the: line- 1: l =2-'- [-2 in Fig.1.];

Figure 13 is a sectional view taken along the line 13443 in Fi grilzgr,

- Figure 14; is: an enlarged sectiorialiiview taleen Figure lilis afragmentary perspective view of the-viewer withtheey'e-piece mount swung open;

Figure 18 is-anelectrical wiring diagram of one half of the circuit of the machine;

Figure 19 lsawil'ing diagram of the other half of thcircuit; and

Figureznus ap'hantom View of the machine, showing the location of the several units designated onathe'diagrams of Figs. 18 and 19.

Referring now to the drawings, the machine comprises a housing 28 upon which are mounted a, projector 2i, camera 22, and objective lens unit 23. Provision'is also made for'mounting any of several available specialeffects accessory units it immediatelyin front of -the=projector aperture,- su'ch units-beingadapted for usein the making of wipe-oifs, moving-split screen' shots, spins, tilts, flip-overs, and matte shots-of allty'pes'.

The housing- ZEI is preferably of cast iron and ismassively constructed for the utmost rigidity; The base" 25- of the housing contains some of the electrical units-of the machine,- while the principal mechanisms, both mechanical and electrical, are-contained i-n the'upper portion'of the housingand are accessible through a removable panel board 38' covering an opening inthe front ofthe housing.

Mounted on a shelf 3l inthe housing is a two speed motor 32, the shaft of which is connected by a flexible coupling 33 to the drive shaft 34 (see- Fig..-'1l)' of "a two-speed'gear'box35l Agear- 40 fixed on theshaft Simesheswith a'gear 4! comprising one of a pair of integral gears-42 having a common hub- 43 which is splined-to a shaft 4 1 and slidable thereon. The seconclgear 45 of-the pair is adapted to mesh with a pinion' lfi afiix'ed on theshaft 34' w'hen said pair of gears 42 is shift ed axially along the shaft. Thehulo 63' extends axially from the side of the gear 45, and is'provided-with a circumferential groove which is en-' ga'ged' by a shift fork 5D. The shift fork 56' is slidably'mountedin the gear case 35 and ismo'vedaxially along the shaft it through the agency of a shaft 5i (seeFigs. 1 and 2) to whichit is'conne'cted by suitahle linkage (not shown) which causes the fork tomove-axiallywhen-the shaft-Bl is turned: The shaft5i projectsforwa-rdly from the 'gear bo'xfit and through the panel 30, and has a shift lever 52 aiiiX'edto-its outer end: The pitch diameterspf the gears'tllZA-i, 45 and-"45 are so proportioned that when gear flfi-is- 'meshed with. gear l'E,-:th'e shaft M is driven at one-third the speed-obtained when gear M is meshed with gear 40, Thus itisseen that the two speedsob ta'in'ed from-the gear box 35- together with the full; speed and half speed drives obtainable from the motor 32 make it-possibleto drive'the mechanismiat any one offourspeeds,-or' to-disengage'the motor 32"entir'ely from the' transmission by shifting the gear cluster-"d2 to an intermediate'neutral position, outof meshwith either of gears 4t"-'or' 46 As shown 'in Fig.1, the shiftlever"52 is in normal or high-speed drivegand theposition for neutral and low-gear drive areindicated on adial plate 53 at 54'; and- 55, respectively? The driven-shaft it projects-through theside' o'f the' gear housing "35 and has a bevel' gear' 56' 5 affixed to its end which meshes with a mating bevel gear 5'! mounted on a vertical shaft 58. The shaft 58 is journaled in suitable bearings in a housing 59 and has a bevel gear 52 afiixed to its upper end. Also mounted on the shaft 58 just below gear I52 is a smaller bevel gear 64, the function of which is to drive one of the two distributors on the machine, as will now be described. I

Meshing with the bevel gear 64 is a second bevel gear 65 which is fixedly mounted on a forwardly extending shaft 65 (see Fig. 12). Shaft 66 is journaled in suitable bearings in a housing 61 which is bolted to the housing 59, and mounted on the front end of said shaft is a pinion III. Pinion H1 meshes with a gear II which is fixed on a rotatable counter shaft I2 positioned above and parallel to the shaft 66. Also fixed to the shaft I2 is a pinion I3 which meshes with a gear I4 mounted on the back end of a shaft I5 coaxial with shaft E6. The gear arrangement "IO-l5, inclusive, provides a twelve-to-one speed reduction, the purpose of which will become apparent as the present description progresses. The shaft I5 is journaled in suitable bearings in the housing 61, and slidably mounted on the front end thereof is the rotor head it of a distributor 81!.

The function of the distributor to will be discussed more fully hereinafter, it being sufiicient for the purpose at this point to mention merely that the rotor head '56 of the distributor has a spring finger 8i which sweeps over twelve contact points 82 carried by the cover plate 83, said points being arranged in a circle about the axis of the shaft 15 and spaced equidistantly apart. Electrical current is fed into the distributor head through a contact 84 which runs on a continuous slip-ring conductor 85 connected to the finger BI (see Fig. 2), in which the cover plate has been removed from the distributor.

As pointed out previously, the rotor head I5 is slidably mounted on the end of the shaft 15, the purpose of this being to permit shifting the rotor head rearwardly so that the spring finger BI clears the contacts 82, thereby rendering the distributor inoperative. To this end, the hub 86 of the rotor head has an axially extending slot 81 formed therein, and received within this slot i a pin 90 which extends diametrically through the shaft E5. The pin 98 thus causes the rotor head it to turn with the shaft 15, while permitting axial movement with respect thereto within the limits of the slot. At its rear end, the hub 88 is enlarged in diameter and has a circumferential groove 9i formed therein, said groove receiving an off-center pin 92 carried by a member 93. The member 93 is mounted on one end of a rotatable shaft 84, and fixed to th other end of said shaft is a bevel gear 95 which meshes with a companionate bevel gear 86. Gear 86 is fixed to the rear end of a shaft I which extends forwardly through the end of the housing and through the panel 30, there being a knob IN on the front end thereof. An arm 22 fixed to the shaft H30 inside the machine is engageable with a microswitch I03 to actuate the latter, said microswitch being connected into the circuit of the distributor to open or close said circuit. Thus, when the knob W is in the Off position shown in Fig. 1, the member 93 is turned so that the rotor head 16 is held clear of the contacts 82 by the pin 92, and at the same time the microswitch is opened by the arm I02, rendering the distributor entirely inoperative. Turning the knob llll to On position rotates the member 33 to move the rotor head back into contact with the points -82 and simultaneously closes the inicro switch I03 to restore the distributor to operativeness.

Returning now to the transmission mechanism illustrated in Fig. 11, the bevel gear 62 at the top end of the vertical drive shaft 53 meshes with a mating bevel gear l II] which is fitted over and secured to a tubular shaft IiI of relatively large diameter which is journaled in suitable hearings in a housing I I2. At opposite ends of the tubular drive shaft I II are single revolution clutches II3 and H2 which are operative to drive the camera and projector, respectively, and which are utilized independentl in the making of single-frame eX- posures, as will be described more fully hereinafter. The clutches H3 and IE4 are identical in construction and operation; hence only the righthand or camera clutch IIB will be described, it being understood that each part shown and described in clutch I I3 has its counterpart in clutch I M. The clutch Ilii is best shown in Fig. 14 and consists of a driving member H5 fixed to the end of the tubular drive shaft I I l, and a driven member Ilfi fixed to a shaft 626 which is concentric with the tubular drive shaft 5 I I and extends into the central bore therein. In the case of the clutch M4, the driven member H6 is fixed to a shaft designated by the reference numeral 22, which likewise extends into the hollow bore of the tubular drive shaft I I I. Pivoted at I22 on the face of driven member H5 is a semi-circular latch I23 having a dog tooth I24 projecting radially inwardly from its inner surface at a point intermediate its ends. The dog tooth I24 is adapted to be engaged by a shoulder I25 on the periphery of the driving member II5 so that the members H5 and H5 of the clutch are made to rotate together. The latch i223 is yieldingiy urged toward the driving member by a spring I26 which is an-- chored to the driven member. The latch I23 is adapted to be disengaged from the shoulder I25 of the driving member by the action of a pawl I38 which is pivoted at Isl on the housing II2. The pawl I3? is actuated by a solenoid I32 mounted on the back of a bracket i 53 projecting downwardly from the bottom of housing M2. The plunger I34 of the solenoid extends through an opening in the housing and is connected at I38 to the pawl I38 so that the latter is swung counterclockwise, out of the way of the free end Mi! of the latch I23 when the solenoid I32 is energized. When the pawl i3l] is held out of the path of the latch I23 by the solenoid 132, the clutch is engaged, and when the pawl I353 is released by the solenoid, it engages the end IMP of the latch I23, lifting the dog I24 clear of the shoulder I25 to disengage the driven member from the driving member.

The projector drive shaft I2I is adapted to be engaged with the camera drive shaft I28 to be driven in synchronism therewith by means of a rod I which is slidably disposed within the shafts I2I and I20 on the axis thereof. The end portion I42 of the rod MI is square in crosssection and somewhat larger across the diagonal than the diameter of the rod, said end portion being received within close-fitting square sockets formed in the adjacent ends of shafts I 2I and I20. When the square ended portion hi2 of the rod is engaged in the socket in shaft 128, the camera and projector drive shafts are joined together and rotate as one, with the power being transmitted from the tubular drive shaft ll! to the shafts I20 and I2I through the camera clutch H3, When the square end I42 of the rod is re tracted entirely into the shaft '|'2 |,:hovvever;: the shafts-'1 24 and I 20- are disconnected from one another, permitting either the camera or projector to bedriven from the tubular drive shaft "II I independently of the other through theiri respece tive clutches H3 and II 4. Thisindependen't actuat'ion of the clutches H3 and I I4 is accom= plished by means of the solenoids-I32 whichzare controlled through eithenmanually or automatically operated relays, as will be described more fully presently. The round shank-portionof. rod I4I extends to theleft'of the clutch I-I i into a cylindrical central bore I43 formed in shaft IM- and is connected at its-end by apin I44 to a circumferentially grooved shift collar I45 which is slidably'mounted on the outside of shaft I2I. The pin I44 passes through axially extending, elongated slots I46 which-are formed in the side wa'llsof the shaft Iii at diametrically opposite points thereon, enabling the rod MI to-be shifted axially by means of the shift collar I45 on the outside-ofshaft I2I. The groove in the collar I45. is engaged by a shift fork I50 which is slidably supportedwithin a housing II mounted on the left'hand end of housin H2. Fork I50 is op eratively connected to a shaft I52 (see Fig. 2) to be shifted thereby when the shaft is turned: The shaft I52 projects through the front wall of. housing I5I, and fixed to its outer end is a lever- I53 which'is connected by a push rod I54 to a lever arm I55. The lever arm I55 is fixed onto a-sleeve I56 which fits over and is journaled'on a rod I60 extending forwardly from'the housing IEI, bothsleeve I55 and rod I60 projecting through the panel board 313. An interlock shift lever iIlI- is fixed onto the outer end of the sleeve I56, and is movable between the 'In position shown and the Out position indicated at M2.-

Fixedly mounted on the projector drive shaft lit to theleft of shift collar I35 is asbevel gear I63 which meshes with a second bevel gear-te l on a-vertical shaft I65 projecting upwardly there from and journaled in suitable bearings in a housing I66. The shaft I65 hasa-bevelgearl'lt fixed to its upper end which is adapted to mesh with either of twobevel gears Ill and H2 formed integrally ona common hub H3.- The- .hub I713- withgears HI and I12 is slidably mounted on a horizontal shaft I74 which is journaled in housing .166 and is-keyed or otherwise secured thereto so as to drive the shaft. A circumferential groove I is formed in the hub I13 between gears Ill and I12 and is engaged by a shift fork I76 which isv suitably mounted in the housing for. sliding movement parallel to the axis of shaft I74.- The shift-fork H6 is operatively connected to a shaft I 80' in a manner whereby rotation of theshaft I80 causes shift fork I I6 to slide the .hub I73 along its shaft and thereby bring. either. of the gears I1 I' and IE2 into meshwith gear IIfl to drive shaft I14 in one direction or the other. Shaft I80 projects forwardly from the housing I63;

through the panel 3! and has a lever .arm. .I'BI

fixed to its front end] As shown in Figs- 1 and'S',

the shift lever IB'I' and its associated gears are in neutral position, with neither of gears ITI 'or I722 in mesh with gear I76. The forward and reverse positions of shift lever IBI are indicated atI'BZ and I83,Irespectively'.

The horizontal drive shaft I'M projects from the right-hand end of housing It'dand is connected by a universal joint IB tandJshaft I85 I86 has two laterallyspaced output shafts res and HI projecting forwardlythrough theifront' wan thereomhese shafts" being provided'at their iii front ends' with suitable means permitting a power take-offshaft I92 to be coupled selectively to either one or the other of the shafts. In Fig. lthe power take-off shaft I 92 is'shown connected to the right hand output shaft I9I. Anyconvention-al arrangement of gearing mechanism maybe used'in the gear-box I86, the one shown being characterized by awide selection of output speeds available at the two shafts I and I91. Change of gear ratio is effected through the agency of suitable shifting mechanism actuated by rotation of either one Or both of shafts I93 and I9 3 projecting forwardly from the gearbox I86 and having dials I95 and I96 on their front ends, respectively. Each of the dials I 95 and I96 gives a plurality of gear ratios, and for any'given setting of such dials, two different output speeds are available at the shafts NIB-and I 9i. Hence the various combinations of dial settings together with the corresponding speeds available at shafts I99 and I8! give a wide selection of driving speeds for the p0W8r take-off shaft I92.

The power take-ofi shaft I92 includes a right angle drive 206 at the lower end thereof with suitable means for connection to the shafts I90, I9'I-. The right angle drive 209 is connected by a universal joint 20!, splined telescopic shaft 262, and universal joint 2%? to a second right angle drive 264 at the upper end thereof which also includes coupling means for attachment to the several available accessory units, such as the wipe-off device 2 l, or to the drive shaft of the automatic zoom mechanism, to be described more fully hereinafter.

Returning now to the projector drive, there is ashaft 265 journaled in the housing I5! coaxial with shaft IZI and forming an extension thereof to the left of bevel gear IE3. The right-handend of shaft 285 is journaled' in-a pilot bearing 206 inthe hub of bevel gear its, and journaled on said shaft across from the bevel gear I63 is a bevel gear 201 which is in constant mesh with bevel gear IE4. The projector drive shaft 205 is adapted to be driven in either forward or reverse direction by means of a clutch 2 I i) which is keyed or otherwise slidably and nonrotatably secured onthe shaft. Projecting axially from the clutch 2!?) at opposite ends thereof are spring-pressed pins 2 II which are adapted to be received within corresponding holes formed in the ends of gears I53, 207, to connect one or the other to the shaft 205 to drive the latter. The clutch are is provided with a circumferential groove around its periphery which is engaged by a shift fork 2I2. The shiftfork H2 is operatively connected in a suitable manner. to the rod I69 and is shifted from one position to the other by rotation of said rod. As pointed out previously, the rod I5fi' extends forwardly from housing I5I and serves as a support for sleeve I56 to which the interlock shift lever IBI is attached. The rod Itfl'proje'cts outwardly beyond the end of sleeve I56 and has anupwardly extending lever arm 2I3 attached thereto. lhe lever 2I3 is the control for shifting theprojector into forward, neutral, or reverse drive; and as shown in Figs. 1 and 11, the. projector drive is in neutral, the forward and reverse positions being indicated on the dial at 2 I I and 2 I 5, respectively.

Mounted on the left-hand end of shaft 205 is abevel gear which meshes with a bevel gear 2'2 filfixed to a sleeve 22 I, the latter being rotatably carried on a shaft 222. The shaft 222 is journale'd in suitable bearings in a housing 223 and extends from the top end to the bottom end thereof, The sleeve 22! is adapted to be connected to the shaft 222 to drive the latter through the agency of a clutch 224, comprising a member 225 fixed to the bottom end of sleeve 22!, and acompanionate member 228 which is slidably keyed to the shaft 222. The sliding clutch member 226 is shifted into and out of engagement with member 225 by means of a shifting fork 22'! which engages a circumferential groove 228 in member 225 and which is actuated by a solenoid mechanism (not shown) mounted on the back of housing 223. During normal operation of the machine, the clutch member 226 is held into engagement with member 225 by a spring (not shown) acting on the shifting fork 227, said member 225 being disengaged from member 225 by the operation of the solenoid which is energized when a sync. relay button 230 on the instrument panel is pressed.

The upper end of the shaft 222 projects through the end of housing 223 and is connected by a universal joint 233 to a shaft 232 which is connected, in turn, by a universal joint 233 to the drive shaft 235 of the projector 2 I. The operating mechanism of the projector is more or less conventional and is contained within a housing 235 which includes film magazine chambers 236 and 23'! at the upper and lower ends thereof. The housing 235 is mounted on a bed 243 which is slidable along a horizontally disposed dove tail way 2 which is slidable, in turn, along a vertical dove tail way 242 mounted on the side of the housing 2!]. Hand wheels 243 and 244 are suitably geared to the bed 246 and way 24!, respectively, so as to provide means for adjusting the projector laterally and vertically with respect to the optical axis of the objective lens 23.

Disposed to the left of projector housing 235 is a lamp housing 245 which is mounted on a bracket 24!! on the machine housing. The lamp housing 245 contains the usual projection lamp 253, reflector, and condensing lenses (not shown) with adjusting knobs 25! and 252 for adjusting the positions of the reflector and lamp, respectively. Cooling for the lamp is forced through the housing 225 by an electrically driven blower 253 which is mounted on the bracket 246 below the housing 245. The intensity of the light produced by the projection lamp is controlled by a voltage regulator 254 (see Fig. 2) which is adjusted by a control knob 255 on the panel.

Manual operation of the projector for the purpose of threading film through the mechanism, or for moving film slowly through the projector independently of the camera to select a particular frame as a reference point on which the camera and projector are synchronized in producing certain special effects, is accomplished by means of a projector framing knob 256 which is mounted on a shaft 25! extending into the housing 223. Fixed to the inner end of the shaft 25? is a bevel gear 266 (see Fig. 11) which is adapted to mesh with a bevel gear 26! mounted on the shaft 222 above gear 226. The shaft 251, with gear 266, is slidably arranged within the housing and is normally urged outwardly by a spring (not shown) so that the gear 266 is held out of mesh with gear 26 l. The gears are meshed by pressing the knob 255 inwardly against the pressure of the spring, which moves gear 266 into engagement with gear 28!. Manual operation of the projector is usually done with the clutch 224i disengaged so that the operator is not required to turn the motor and camera mechanism with the knob.

Mounted on the shaft 222 above gear 26! is a bevel gear 262 which meshes with a bevel gear 263 afiixed on a horizontal shaft 264 which is journaled in suitable bearings in a housing 265. At the right-hand end of the housing 265 is a right angle drive 236 having a forwardly projecting drive shaft 26'! which is operatively connected to a projector frame counter '27!) on the instrument panel. A resetting knob Ell is provided alongside the frame counter window which enables the counter to be set back to zero at the beginning of a printing run.

Rewinding of the film in the projector is accomplished rapidly and easily by means of a variable speed, universal rewind motor 212 mounted on a platform 2'l3 on the shelf 3! and operatively connected to the projector mechanism through transmission means which will now be described.

The shaft of the motor 22 2 is connected by a flexible coupling 214 to a worm and gear set (not shown) which drives a bevel gear 215 journaled in a housing On the lower end of shaft 222 is a sleeve 285 having opposed bevel gears 28! and 282 integrally mounted thereon on opposite sides of the gear 225. The sleeve 280 is keyed or otherwise slidably and nonrotatably connected to the shaft 222, enabling the gears 28! and 282 to be selectively meshed with gear 275. Shifting of gears 28! and 282 is accomplished by means of a fork 283 which engages a circumferential groove 284 in the sleeve 283 midway between the gears. The shifting fork 283 is moved axially along the shaft 222 by means of an operating rod 285 with which it is connected by a cam and roller ar rangement (not shown), said cam and rollers providing the requisite axial movement of gears 28! 282 to secure full engagement in either direction with gear 215 during approximately the first 15 degrees of rotation of the rod 265 on either side of neutral, and continued rotation of said rod producing no further axial movement of gears 28!, 282. The rod 285 projects through the front wall of housing 2'16 and has a downwardly extending lever arm 285 fixed to its outer end. The arm 286 is connected by a push rod 28'! to one arm of a bell crank 29 the other arm of said bell crank being connected by a second push rod 29! to an arm 392 mounted on a sleeve 293 which is journaled on a shaft 294 mounted on a transmission housing 295 of the mechanism. The sleeve 293 projects forwardly through the panel 32 and has a gear shift lever 29B fixed to its outer end. Thus, movement of the gear shift lever 293 is transmitted to the lever 286 through the interconnecting linkage to shift the sleeve 280 up or down on shaft 222 and thereby engage either gear 28! or 282 with gear 2'15 to drive the projector mechanism in forward or reverse, as the case may be. Arm 286 also acts as a contact arm, carrying current from the line to the rewind motor 212 through contacts 366, 30!, and 302. These contacts are connected to resistors 333', 364, and 335 (see circuit diagram of Fig. 18), which are interposed. in series between the line and motor 212, and their function is to vary the speed of the motor by varying the voltage across the motor terminals. As pointed out previously, the cam and roller arrangement between the rod 285 and the shifting fork 283 is such that the gears are fully meshed during approximately the first 15 degrees of rotation of the operating rod 285 on either side of neutral position, which is approximately the spacing of the first contacts 300, and that additional rotation of the rod 285 to P23 11 arm 2. 6 to reach the other contacts 36! 11'1 and332: is accomplished without further: axial movement of the gears.

Turning now. to the transmission mechanism .for driving the camera, the driven member H6 ofs..stop-motion clutch !!3 is fixedly connected torthershaft I23 which projects to the right of theclutch. Journaled on the shaft i253 within the housing295 is a gear 3t6which meshes with alarger gear 3H1 fixed to a shaft 3! The shaft 31 is journaled in the housing 293 and parallel to shaft 123, andhas a second gear 3!2 of somewhat smaller diameter. mounted thereon which meshes with a larger gear 3l3 journalled on a shaft3l4. Shaft 314 is coaxial with shaft I23 and runs in a pilot bearing (not shown) in the end of the latter. Slidably keyed to shaft 3! is a clutch member 315 having dogs on either side'thereofwhich are engageable with complementary clutch elements 3l3 and 3V!- on adjacent faces of the gears 336 and 3!3, respectively. The clutch member 315 is shiftedinto engagement withleither of the elen1ents'3!6 or 3!! by means of a fork32il which is suitably connected to the .shaft' 294 mentioned earlier. Fixed to the shaft 234 between the end of the sleeve 293 and the housing 295 is an upwardly extending arm 32!, the outer arm of which carries a link 322 which 'is connected to another arm 323 fixed to a sleeve 324. :Thesleeve 324 is held on a shaft 325 which projectsfrom the face of a housing 323, and both the sleeve 324 and shaft 325 project through the panel33. Mounted on the outer end of the sleeve 324 is a downwardly extending shift lever 321 which is manually operable to shift the gears in box 295 to obtain normal or half speed camera drive. The lever 321 is movable between: two reference points designated N (for normal speed) and S (for slow speed) as shown in Fig. 1.

Shaft: 314 :projects beyond gear box233 and into housing 326,3.being supported in suitable bearings in the latter. Journalled on shaft 3M are =.two: axial1y spaced, inwardly facing bevel g.ears;333 and 33! which are in'constant mesh with a third bevel gear 332 mounted on the lower end: of a; vertical shaft 333. The gears 33!) and v33! are adapted to be selectivelylocked to the shaft 3 !4 to be driven thereby through the agency of. a sliding clutch member 334 which is keyed or otherwise slidably and non-rotatably connected tothe shaft 3! between the gears. Projecting axially from opposite faces of the clutch member 334 are spring-pressed dogs 3'35 and 335 which-are adapted to drop into corresponding holes in the websof their respective gears. The clutch member 334 has a circumferential groove 33'! which receives a; shifting fork 343', the latter b'eingoperatively connected to the shaft 335 whereby rotation of the shaft causes the clutch member to be shifted axially along the shaft 3M, Fixed :to the outer end of the shaft 325 and on .the outsideof lever 32'! is'an upwardly extending shift lever 33!. Asshown in Fig. 1, -the lever :34! is movable between three positions designated F, N, and R,'representing forward, :neutral and reverse, respectively.

The 'shaftt333 extends upwardly through a housinge342 and projects; from the top end thereof, being connected at its upper end by a nniversal joint1343' to a telescopic camera drive shaft 354. "Fixed to the shaft 333 at about its midpoint isa bevel gear 3 25 which is engageable. by anothersbevel gear 343 fixed to a shaft 331. The'shaft'34l projects through the wall of housing 342 and through the :panel 36494 16. hasa hand-framing knob 350 aflixed to its outerend.

The: shaft 3M with its gear 343 and knob. 353 is spring-biased away from the bevel gear 335 and out of engagement therewith. Gear 333 is made to mesh with gear 3- l3by pressing the knob 35-3 inwardly'against the pressure of the spring, and when the gears are thus meshed the camera mechanism can be turned over slowly by hand to facilitate threading the film through the mechanism or to enable the operator to move the film through very slowly, as when it --is desired to locate a particular frame.

Alsofixed to the shaft 333 near, the upper end thereof is another bevel gear 35! which meshes with ,a companionate gear 352 mounted on horizontally extending shaft 353. The shaft-353 journalled in suitable bearings in a housing 354 and has asmall pinion 335 fixedly mounted thereon which meshes with a large gear 356 mounted on a countershaft 351. The countershaft-33% is positioned above the shaft 333 and parallel thereto, and also has a small pinion 333 which meshes with a larger gear 335 which is fixedly; mounted on a shaft 362. Shaft 362 is coaxial" with shaft 353 and is likewise journaled in the-housing-354. The tooth ratios of pinion 355 :to gear 356, and of pinion 333 to gear 36i are such as to give a speed reduction of 16 to 1 at shaft 362 with respect to shaft 333, whereby shaft 362 makes one complete revolution for each 16- frames or one foot of film passing through the camera.

"Fixed to the shaft 332 just beyond gear 33! is a-bevel gear 333which drives the total film footage counter, indicated at 334 in Fig. 1, through a. bevel gear 365 mounted on the rear end of a shaft 366. The function of the counter 364 is to keep track of the total footage of film run through the printer over any given period of time; Also driven from the shaft 363 through a pair of .companionate bevel gears (not shown) is asecond shaft. 3'!!! (see Fig. 2) projecting perpendicularly upward and operatively connected toasceneframe and footage counter 339 which is mounted; on the cabinet immediately below the camera and which is used for timing thebeginning and ending of special effects or for synchronizing the several elements to take effect on a particular frame, as well as for timing the length of a scene.

Mounted on the outer end of the shaft 332 is adistributor'head 31! having a spring finger 312 which sweeps over sixteen'contacts 313 arranged in a circle about the axis of shaft 332 and spaced equidistantly apart. Electrical current is fed. into the distributor head through a contact 373 which runs on a continuous conductor connected to the finger 3.12. The function of the distributor, which is designated in its entirety by the referencenumeral 336, is to energize a switch panel 318 and incooperation with the switches thereon, to actuate the stop motion relays (to be described later) which control the solenoids !32, or to sound a buzzer which serves as an audible frame counter, enabling the operator to keep track of the number of frames or the number of feet of film passing through the camera. To this end, the sixteen contacts 313 of the distributor 315 are connected in orderly sequence one to each of the sixteen switches on the panel 3'! 8, and these switches are connected, in turn, to a selector switch 380 having stations marked Off, Projector Start, Projector Stop, Both Stop, Camera Stop. and Buzz. There is still another switch 38! designated Auto stop whichis-serially con- -foot of the camera gate.

and away from the projector.

'to be focus.

nected to the selector switch 380 and which functions to energize the switch panel 378 at a given moment, so that said switch panel can be rendered inoperative until a certain footage of film has been run through the machine and then made operative by pressing the switch button till. Thus, the machine can be made to stop or start on any given frame of film within a range of one foot (sixteen frames) of film by merely closing the switch on panel 338 corresponding to the desired frame, and then pressing the Auto Stop button 38E when the footage counter 364 indicates that the desired frame is within one As the selected switch is reached by the distributor, current passing through the circuit energizes a holding coil on the relay of one of the solenoids I32, causing the solenoid to engage or disengage its associated clutch I is or i M and to hold the same in its new position. When the selector switch 380 is on Buzz, the buzzer is sounded for each closed switch on panel 318 as it is reached by the distributor, hence by closing all of the switches, the buzzer sounds for each frame of film passing through the camera, or by closing alternate switches, the buzzer sounds for every other frame. The electrical circuit for accomplishing the above effects and'the mode of its operation will be described in more detail presently.

Returning now to the camera drive, the upper end of the telescopic camera drive shaft 344 is connected through a universal joint 383 to the camera drive shaft 384. The operating mechanism of the camera is more or less conventional and th refore need not be described in more detail here. It may be stated briefly, however, that the camera mechanism consists of the usual rotary shutter, with a dissolve shutter control 385 for regulating the size of the shutter opening thereby governing the time of exposure. The mechanism also includes the usual pawls for pulling the film past the gate, and registration pins which are engageable with the perforations in the side of the film to hold the film absolutely stationary during the exposure.

Both the camera 22 and the objective lens 23 are supported on the machine for independent sliding movement along the optical axis toward Movement of the lens toward or away from the projector aperture has the effect of respectively increasing or de creasing the size of the image at the camera aperture, while simultaneous movement of the camera with respect to the lens is necessary to maintain the image in focus at the camera aperture. The reason for this is that for each position of the lens with respect to the projector aperture there is a corresponding focal plane at which the camera aperture must be positioned if the image is As the lens is moved closer to the projector, the camera must be moved back away from the lens and, conversely, as the lens is moved away from the projector, the camera must be moved toward the lens. This relative shift of the objective lens with respect to the projector, and of the camera with respect to the objective lens, is illustrated in Figs. 9 and 10. In Fig. 9, the objective lens is located in its normal position substantially midway between the projector and camera apertures, and the image at the camera aperture is exactly the same size as the image at the projector aperture. It will be noted that the distance A from the optical center of the objective lens 23 to the gate of the projector is exactly the same as the distance B to the camera gate. In Fig. 10, however, the objective lens has been moved up closer to the projector to give a magnified image at the camera, while the camera has been moved back from its original position so that the total distance A plus B is greater than the distance A plus B. The condition shown in Fig. 10 is illustrative of the set-up used in making 35 mm. prints from 16 mm. film, or where it is desired to improve the composition of the original picture by enlarging only a portion of it up to the full size of the frame at the camera. The making of zoom shots in the optical printer is based upon the progressive shifting of the objective lens relative to the projector and of the camera relative to the lens, and results in a gradual enlargement of the center of interest on the film, giving the same effect as though the camera had been moved up to closer range. The simultaneous movement of the objective lens 23 and camera 22 in the precise relationship required is effected through a hand wheel 390 on the front of the machine just below the objective lens. The hand wheel is mounted on the end of a shaft 39l and, as shown in Fig. 6, is adapted to be locked against rotation by means of a cone clutch 392 which is engageable with a stationary companionate clutch element on the housing. The clutch element 392 is fixedly attached to the handwheel 39d and is slidably keyed to the shaft 39! so that it can be drawn up tight into element 393 by means of a locking wheel 394 which is threaded onto the end of the shaft 353i and bears against the end of the hand wheel 398. The inner end of the shaft 391 is supported within bearings carried by a bracket 395 depending from the top of the machine housing. Fixed to the inner end of the shaft is a worm 396 which meshes with worm gears 391 and 398 at the top and the bottom thereof. The lower gear 398 is mounted on a shaft 40!] extending lengthwise of the machine "and journalled in suitable bearings in the bracket 325. The right hand end of the shaft Mill is connected to the end of a coaxial shaft 40! by an adjustable backlash take-up coupling 422 of the type providing for a limited amount of lost motion between the shafts 40! and 40!. This lost motion allows the backlash in the train of gears driving the objective lens carriage to be taken up before the shaft Mil starts turning, so that the camera and lens will always move in unison, with neither lagging behind the other. Such backlash take-up couplings are well-known in the art and therefore need not be described in detail here. The shaft 40! is journalled adjacent the coupling M12 in a supporting structure 403 which is fixed to the under side of the cabinet top and depends therefrom. Beyond its bearing support, the shaft 453! extends into the open and is screwthreaded at 484. The opening into which the screw-threaded end of the shaft projects is formed by the provision of a slot 405 extending parallel to the shaft 4!)! and opening through the bracket 403 from front to back. Dovetailed ways M6 are formed on the front side of bracket Alli! above and below the slot 585, and slidably mounted on these ways is a carrier Mil having a boss 4G9 projecting rearwardly from its back side into the slot 465. The boss 499 has a screwthreaded aperture therein which receives the screw shaft 404. Fixed to the front face of the carrier Ali) is a plate 4H having a curved cam slot ii?! formed therein, which is adapted to receive a cam follower 413 carried at the end of one arm 4l4 of a bell crank 4 Th cam fOllower are preferably inthe; form of a roller :jo-urnaled: n: apinvor stub shaft 41 t whichis secured-in any "suitableymannerin the end of the bellccrank .ar'rn li l. Thexbcll crank H" is pivotally supported on a pin" 42:! which is pressed into aahole in one :arm of a U-shaped-hanger 421, said hanger being bolted or otherwise attached to the underside ofthe cabinet. top and extending downwardly therefrom and underneath the frame 403 to a point of connection on the back side 0f the frame alongthebottorn edge thereof. The-other arm of the bell-crank,-designated by the reference numeral- 422, extends upwardly from theipin d'zilisubstantially at right angles to arm. M l and is connected atits upper end to a .linky l'EZ-K; the latter being connected, in turn, to a bracket ift fixed to the bottom of the camera 52 land projecting downwardly therefrom through a'slot lriiirinthe top ofthe cabinet. The camera is-mount'ed on a. bed 425 which slides on a dove- .ztailedway- 53%) fixed to the top of the cabinet.

- ;-Fr 0m the foregoing description, itwill be seen that rotation of the handwheel 398 causes the 'screw threaded shaft ied to turn and, through the agency of the boss 329' which functions as a nut; moves the carrier. Milalong, the ways 4B6. The'cam and linkage connecting the carrier Mil to the camera causes thelatter to be moved in a non-uniform manner whereby the camera aperture is maintained precisely at the focal plane of the lens while the latter is moved forwardly at auniform rate towards the projector by a gear train which will be described presently. Thuawthe shape of the cam slot 4512 is determined by a variation in the image distance for each increment of travel of the lens, and by the geometry of the bell crank. Hence, if it is desired tonsea lens of different focal length than the one for which the camslot M2 was designed, ltrlS necessary to replace the plate 411 with another" having a cam' slot 'of appropriate form, and for this reason the plate MI is detachably secured to the carrier 4H3.

The objective lens 23 ismoved along its optical axis simultaneously with the camera 22 but in the opposite direction therefrom by means op- ;eratively connected with the hand: wheel 3%, the drive for. such means being taken from the gear .391. The gear 397 is fixedly mounted on a shaft 43 i which is journalled in the bracket 395 parallel to the line of travel of the lens, and also fixed to-the shaft wt alongside gear: 39! a pinion. 432 which meshes with an idler gear 433 '(see Fig. 6). Idler i-seis mountedon the end of a shortrshaft 434- which is journall'ed in bracket 395- and saididler meshes with a third gear 435 lying-directly in front of it and fixedly mounted onthe. right hand end of a, shaft 436. Shaft 436i: likewise journalled in bracket 395 and pro- ..iects'outwardly therefrom to the left, said projecting portion being screw-threaded at M0. The objective lens 23 is carried on a bed 44!, and bolted to the bottom side thereof isa downwardly extending head 2 which projects through a slot 463 in the top of the-cabinet. The head M2 has a screw threaded. aperture therein which receives the threaded portion 440 of the shaft. The bed MI is slidably mounted on dovetailed ways 4 5d which are formed on a base plate M5 fixed to the top of. the cabinet. Fixed to the topofthe bed Mills a member Mt having a dovetailed groove 450 extending from the front .to the: rear'of the-machine, and slidably disposed-in this groove is a companionate member 451. .-'I he member, 45l1is. moved with respect to from the front edge:- of member 451.

the member M6 by means of a1hand:-wheel-.452

fixed to the front; end of afore -andaft; extending -shaft-: l53, said shaft being Journalled tom of member 45! andhas a threaded portion (not shownl'whichds threaded through a nut eta bolted to the top of member M6. Atthe back :end ofmember. 45! is an upwardly extending post A59 having-vertical dovetailed ways 461 on which is slidably mounted a carrier 15.62. The carrier $62 .is moved vertically on. :the ways- 36i by means of a'hand wheel 453-.which: is journal'ledrin the-bracket ifid above wheel 452, said wheelillfidbeing fixeditorthe outer endrofa shaft de l which extends rearwardly through a tube 4 65 and has a bevelled gear 466 fixed .to-its rear :end. 'The bevelle'd gear 466 is meshed with another bevelled gear-- All which: is'fixed ,to the lower end ofa vertical shaft ell journalled :in suitable bearings within a slot M2 formed-in the post/4st. "The shaft All-has athreaded portion which is engaged by a nut 4:13 bolted on the bolt .01? the carrier i162. ;rIn this'way the'carrier 462 can. be" raised or lowered by "turning the hand wheel 463.

Formedin 'thefront face of :the carrier 462 is a dovetailed groove ll lvextending parallel toithe optical; axis of the lens; and .slidably mounted in this grooveis acarrier -5175 to which the'barrel of the lens'is .securedby a-br-acket 680. The lens is'movable alongthe'way AM'by means of a-manual focus knob tiit which is" fixed to a shaft 482 journalled in suitablezbearingsin the carrier 462. At the rearend of. the 'shaft'482 is a worm gear-dta' -(see Figtl-whichmeshes with a gear 118% fixed-to a vertical shaft 435 journalled on the carrier-62. Also fixed to 'shaft t lSB above gear Midis a pinion which meshes with a rack 49!! on the carrier 415. This arrangement enables the lenstobe-moved alongits-optical axis without moving the entire carriage, and isused primarily-for out-of-focus'effects or for focusing objective lenses of different focal lengths where the machine: is to be'used for-straight printing only, and thesynchronized movement of" lens and camera is not. needed. Anindex mark '49! is provided on the lens bracket 489 and this cooperates with a scale eeii aflixed to the. top edge of the carrier 462 to indicate the position of the lens at any time, enabling the. operator to-duplicate exactly a particular effect or to divide the lens movement into agiven number of 'equallyspaced or progressively increasing steps for a certain number of film frames. Theindex scale 492 also provides theoperator with a. quick checkon the lens focus, enabling him to see at a glance whether the lens has been inadvertently moved out of adjustment without necessitating frequent visualinspection of the image.

A pair=of indicator dials: detand Md are also provided to indicate the position of the lens in a vertical direction or laterallywith respect to the optical axis, said dials being of the type having a spring-pressed plunger projecting downwardly from the base of the indicator and which, when pressed inwardly; produces a reading on'the dial. Each of the dials 4 93 and 494 is mounted on a bracket 395 which is fixed to the post 460. The downwardly'extending plunger 596 of dial 494 has a rack 59f! fixed'to the lower end thereof, said rack extending down througha: hole in the top of the small housing fi ll'mounted 0n the side 'of memberv .45 I and: beingslidably supported in suit- 

